Internet Protocol Television, Gives Us More a Television

IP TV or Internet Protocol Television is a new development in client-server communication software that makes high-quality video broadcast (equivalent full-motion video in real time simultaneously) to the user's window through a network of existing data. IP TV can serve a two-way broadcast television, high speed internet network, without using frekuwesi broadcast. Internet TV before, can be regarded as a process of integration between the Internet with a computer, to capture television broadcasts through your computer screen. Meanwhile, IP TV is a digital transmission type of convergence is the combination of telecommunication with television. 
IP TV Viewers can control the television channels through the television set, not a computer screen, as well as analog television era, with the help of set-top-boxes. IP TV Viewers can choose a large number of broadcasts, both live broadcast and rebroadcast with diverse content, and two-way, without any interference. For example, one can access the IP TV to know the identity of a particular football player, when he was watching a football game or at the same time, she can shop via IP TV. Plus, IP TV viewers can enjoy high-definition image and sound quality good, the help system digitalization.

The main components of IPTV is a STB (set top box) that can convert the IP video into satndar sutau television signal. STB is the gateway to an IP video switching system. In the picture looks that Switched Video Service (SVS) system allows users to connect to a wide variety of sources of television media including broadcast network channels, subscription services, and movies on demand. When the user decides to access these media sources, the command (usually by using the remote control) diirimkan to the SVS and the SVS will arrange where the source media that meets the user desires. The diagram below shows the user only needs to SVS indecent video channel to access the virtual multiple sources of media and video.

Some of the features given by the IP / TV are:

• IP / TV can broadcast live or prerecorded video digital educational programs, commercials, etc., and can do the capturing and transmission of programs from various sources.

• IP / TV can do the scheduling / scheduling program in accordance with the needs of owners of information and audience. Viewer can choose courses from a listing to be seen.

• IP / TV can provide an economical service but do not sacrifice the quality of service. This is because the transmission bandwidth-efficient technologies, namely IP multicasting.

• IP / TV supports standard formats MPEG (Motion Picturre Experts Group) to provide high quality, full-motion video. This feature is in addition to the standard CODEC (compression / decompression) to ensure optimal picture quality in accordance with the specifications of the application and available bandwidth.

• When compared with the conventional tutorial method, IP / TV is more efficient because they do not have to pay the instructors, the cost of relatively few print materials, no need to hire a special seminar room (for IP / TV can be accessed by every table during connected in a LAN / WAN ).

Factors-Factors Affecting IPTV Qualitya. Encoding and CompressionThe quality of the videos that are distributed through a network can be influenced by the source of the video head end. The process of encoding and compression usually always have a relationship between the quality of the video with the desired compression value. in addition, based on the encoding and compression techniques used, the amount of video information per IP packets will change. Therefore, IP packets are lost (lossA) will merepresantsikan a vanishing point that is not visible from a video sequence or degradation in the period in which a large, pixel damage, and also the inability to display images.

b. Jitter
A typical IP packet carrying MPEG-2 video data-stream data consists of 7 MPEG transport stream packets that each contains a payload with a size of 184 bytes and a 4-byte header. The results will produce 36 bytes, plus the overhead packet-sized UDP header 8 bytes, 20 bytes for the IP header of 14 bytes for an ethernet header and 10 bytes for ATM overhead, for a total frame size of 1367 bytes. Jitter is defined variation in packet arrival time (packet arrival rate), caused by network congestion or server. If the ethernet frames coming into the STB at a rate faster or slower, depending on network conditions, buffering is required to meperhalus the variation of speed. Based on the size of the buffer, adad several conditions that make a buffer overflow or underflow which will result in video degradation. Menegathui characteristics of the STB, the service provider may be able to determine the maximum jitter that can be supported by IPTV network.

c. Limited Bandwidth
The total amount of video data stream that can be sent is limited depending on the speed of data needed by consumers via ADSL/ADSL2. The core infrastructure of IP (IP Core) is usually based on optical network with the level of congestion (congestion). Therefore, the bandwidth limitation is usually located only in the access network or in a home network from subscribers. When the traffic (traffic) reaches a maximum value, and then discarded so that the package will reduce the quality of the video. Speed ​​of ADSL2 possibility can be temporally influenced by external factors such as pixelization of the image, another situation is the amount of data downloaded to a PC simultaneously and priority traffic can not be corrected by the service provider so that the streaming video package could be lost.This can mengakibtkan packet loss and therefore decrease the quality, bandwidth limitations are one important factor that must be evaluated in stages to create a network design.

Activities that can be supported IP / TV

1. Training Employees

Education and staff training strategies that are vital to the success of a

an enterprise and skills of employees for their career. Training is usually done is to send employees to training centers that can spend a big enough budget, not to mention the cost of accommodation and transportation of employees to be borne by the company as long as they undergo training. Therefore, IP / TV can provide alternative solutions, which can provide expert training staff quickly and whenever needed (without the need for time travel time), do not need to move employees away from their posts, and can save you budget accommodation and travel for employees during training.

2. Distance Learning

IP / TV can be used as a medium to conduct training / distance education (distance learning). IP / TV will carry all the information in a seminar or conference or activity directly to a computer lecture audience with a live broadcast satellite, cable or via the internet. Distance learning can also be used by divisions of the company to send each other information required by section / employee who still require training / guidance in the field. When viewed from the interests of education, universities can provide long-distance lecture to his students regardless of where he came from, and whenever he needs information. Featured IP / TV viewer Question Manager can be used to ask directly (online) to the instructor / teacher that can take an interactive atmosphere as in class.

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IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing scheme for computers to communicate over a network. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.

IP by itself can be compared to something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they can send messages back and forth for a period of time. There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time.

What is IPv4?

IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks (see RFC:791).

IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses). With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device -- including computers, smartphones and game consoles -- that connects to the Internet requires an address.

What is IPv6?

IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) and it is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) reviewed in the IETF standards committees to replace the current version of IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4).

IPv6 is the successor to Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). It was designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol and will, in fact, coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.

IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation" Internet standard and has been under development now since the mid-1990s. IPv6 was born out of concern that the demand for IP addresses would exceed the available supply.

Now, What is the differences between IPv4 and IPv6?

1. FeaturesIPv4: The number using a 32 bit address so that the number of unique addresses that supported limited to 4,294,967,296 or over 4 billion IP addresses only. NAT is able to simply slow down the endless number of IPv4 addresses, but basically IPv4 only uses 32 bits so it can not offset the rate of growth of the internet world.
IPv6: Using 128 bit to support the 3.4 x 10 ^ 38 unique IP addresses. This massive amount more than sufficient to solve the problem of the limited number of IPv4 addresses permanently.
2. RoutingIPv4: routing performance declines with the growing size of routing tables. Cause examination MTU header in each router and switch hops.
IPv6: The routing process is far more efficient than its predecessor, IPv6 has the ability to manage large routing tables.
3. MobilityIPv4: Support to mobility limited by roaming capabilities when switching from one network to another.
IPv6: Meeting the needs of high mobility through roaming from one network to another network while still maintained the continuity of the connection. This feature supports the development of applications.
4. SecurityIPv4: Although commonly used in securing the IPv4 network, the IPsec header is an additional feature options on the standard IPv4.
IPv6: IPsec was developed in line with IPv6. IPsec header became mandatory in the standard features of IPv6 implementation.
5. Size of headerIPv4: 20 octet base header size plus the size of the header options that can vary.
IPv6: 40 octet fixed header size. A number of headers in IPv4, such as Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset, Header Checksum, and Padding has been modified.
6. Header checksumIPv4: There is a header checksum is examined by each switch (the device layer to 3), thus adding delay.
IPv6: The checksum is not done at the header level, but end-to-end. IPsec header has adequate security guarantees
7. FragmentationIPv4: Conducted at every router hop that slow down performance. The process becomes even longer if the data packet size exceeds the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) packet is fragmented before it put back together at the destination.
IPv6: Only performed by the host that sends packets of data. In addition, there are MTU discovery feature that determines the fragmentation of a more precise match the smallest MTU value contained in a network from end to end.
8. ConfigurationIPv4: When a host connected to a network, configuration is done manually.
IPv6: It has a stateless auto configuration feature whereby when a host connected to a network, configuration is done automatically.
9. Quality ServiceIPv4: Using mechanisms for best effort regardless of their needs.
IPv6: Wear mechanism best level of effort that ensures the quality of service. Header class traffic prioritizing data packet delivery based on the need for high speed or high latency level.

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Fiber Optic, Is The Best Component For Telecomunication

Fiber optics is a major building block in the telecommunication infrastructure. Its high bandwidth capabilities and low attenuation characteristics make it ideal for gigabit transmission and beyond. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.

Optical fiber systems have many advantages over metallic-based communication systems. These advantages include:

1. Long-distance signal transmission

The low attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. While single-line, voice-grade copper systems longer than a couple of kilometers (1.2 miles) require in-line signal for satisfactory performance, it is not unusual for optical systems to go over 100 kilometers (km), or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing.

2. Large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter

Today’s applications require an ever-increasing amount of bandwidth. Consequently, it is important to consider the space constraints of many end users. It is commonplace to install new cabling within existing duct systems or conduit. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cable make such installations easy and practical, saving valuable conduit space in these environments.

3. Nonconductivity

Another advantage of optical fibers is their dielectric nature. Since optical fiber has no metallic components, it can be installed in areas with electromagnetic interference (EMI), including radio frequency interference (RFI). Areas with high EMI include utility lines, power-carrying lines, and railroad tracks. All-dielectric cables are also ideal for areas of high lightning-strike incidence.

4. Security

Unlike metallic-based systems, the dielectric nature of optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect the signal being transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by accessing the optical fiber. Accessing the fiber requires intervention that is easily detectable by security surveillance. These circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to governmental bodies, banks, and others with major security concerns.

5. Designed for future applications needs

Fiber optics is affordable today, as electronics prices fall and optical cable pricing remains low. In many cases, fiber solutions are less costly than copper. As bandwidth demands increase rapidly with technological advances, fiber will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of telecommunication.

In most applications, optical fiber must be protected from the environment using a variety of different cabling types based on the type of environment in which the fiber will be used. Cabling provides the fiber with protection from the elements, added tensile strength for pulling, rigidity for bending, and durability. In general, fiber optic cable can be separated into two types. They are indoor and outdoor.

Indoor Cables

• Simplex cable—contains a single fiber for one-way communication

• Duplex cable—contains two fibers for two-way communication

• Multifiber cable—contains more than two fibers. Fibers are usually in pairs for duplex operation. A ten-fiber cable permits five duplex circuits.

• Breakout cable—typically has several individual simplex cables inside an outer jacket. The outer jacket includes a zipcord to allow easy access

• Heavy-, light-, and plenum-duty and riser cable

− Heavy-duty cables have thicker jackets than light-duty cable, for rougher handling.

− Plenum cables are jacketed with low-smoke and fire-retardant materials.

− Riser cables run vertically between floors and must be engineered to prevent fires from spreading between floors.

Outdoor Cables

Outdoor cables must withstand harsher environmental conditions than indoor cables. Outdoor cables are used in applications such as:

• Overhead—cables strung from telephone lines

• Direct burial—cables placed directly in trenches

• Indirect burial—cables placed in conduits

• Submarine—underwater cables, including transoceanic applications

Sketches of indoor and outdoor cables are shown in Figure 8-18.

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LG Revolution 4G LTE

The presence of the 4G LTE-capable mobile phone from LG that was revealed during the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2011 in Las Vegas a few months ago, seems to have become a byword among many lately. The phone is still in the testing phase of this, reportedly now been bothered again by the emergence of several recent sightings demo photos.

From the photographs, published via Android Central, known as the LG phones Revolution looks pretty interesting, although not the latest hardware pack a lot of progress today. Considering this phone has entered the stage a real test, many people who expect their availability in the near future. Although there is still no further confirmation from the relevant parties on the subject so far, but there are even some rumors that shows about a possible LG Revolution will be released to the market in early May to come.

For now reportedly LG Revolution is still supported by Google's Android operating system 2.2 Froyo, but later appeared as the development of this phone then will be upgraded to Google's Android operating system 2.3 Gingerbread immediately after release.

LTE 4G Smartphone is also equipped with a touchscreen display features a large-sized 4.3-inch, 5 megapixel photo camera on the back and front-facing camera for video calling. On the other hand, there are also other features that include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 3.0, DLNA, HDMI and DIVX functionality, and Mobile Hotspot with support for multiple devices up to 8 WiFi enabled.

As for you who do not feel satisfied with the existence of phone memory that you have now, presumably you will not need to worry because basically this phone is reportedly going to be equipped with a capacity of 16GB internal memory with the possibility to expand up to 32GB of external storage via a microSD memory card slot. LG Revolution enabled 4G LTE will also provide support for various Google Mobile Services, including Gmail, YouTube, Google Talk, or Google Voice, along with access to the Android Market for downloading and installing applications.

This phone is the first smartphone from LG Electronics, LTE, although not the first device in the world. Meanwhile, other wireless operators have also launched the Android phones with LTE capability is the HTC Thunderbolt.

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Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) makes speed cellular becomes more real. Featuring a super-sophisticated data applications into the mobile phone screen, LTE is one of the most important after the 3G mobile phone technology. LTE is now present, mobile broadband customers will not be forgotten after a try. Various applications of data browsing, email, video, download music, and various other applications directly with the keypad slid the phone clicked. Another advantage, the cost of bandwidth, or the use of spectrum and network simplikasi more efficient and flexible. LTE makes cost per gigabit is much cheaper. So, later, content or service providers to offer a flat package, "unlimited".

As a form of the optimal evolution of the 3GPP and 3GPP2 technologies, LTE offers speeds up to 173 Mbps on the downlink and 58 Mbps on the uplink, 10 times faster than HSPA. The issue of latency or delay when browsing and playing games will not be found in the LTE. Performance real time applications like VoIP. LTE provides a higher spectral efficiency of HSPA, so that content providers can condense the data into the existing spectrum. In addition, the LTE can use the length spectrum to choose from, ranging from 1.4Mhz until 20 MHz, whereas WCDMA uses a 5 MHz spectrum.

The experts concluded that the bandwidth from 80 Mbps to 150 Mbps is sufficient for most Internet users. At least for starters, because his plans LTE technology download speeds of 300 Mbps. To obtain this speed, interference-free transmission is required. For that developers combine it with some technologies, such as MIMO, QAM, and OFDM that uses multiple antennas at the same time to transmit and receive signals. In addition, this technology also enables a larger bitrate. Data packet sent to the user via an Internet Protocol (IP), such as the DSL connection.

This speed can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex (SC-FDMA) on the uplink, which combined with the use of MIMO. Later the entire network based on LTE technology to Internet Protocol (IP) or also called All IP Networks (AIPN).

Thus, LTE technology is very similar to the WLAN. LTE and WiMax are not inferior to that being developed mainly in India and Africa and serves only as an Internet access only.

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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

802.16 standard was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), called WirelessMANTM, provide new perspectives in high-speed Internet access without relying on network or cable modem. In 2002 formed a forum Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), which refers to the 802.16 standard and is in charge interconnect various technical standards that are globally into one unit. WiMAX technology is cheaper than other broadband technologies such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modem. The connection speed or new technological advances are not only an important aspect which should be evaluated, but both are facts which do not secure the wireless transmission to communicate.

Security aspect is very important for broadband technology in accessing information from the Internet. This paper discusses about the development of WiMAX, the difference with WiFi, there are features and safety systems found on WirelessMANTM technology based on 802.16 standard specifications. IEEE 802.16 standard provides an easy Internet access to metropolitan areas with only establish several base stations (BS) which can either coverage millions of subscriber (SS).

WiMAX technology is a solution for urban or rural areas that have not been developed in the provision of internet access. Encryption of data used is data encryption standard (DES) and authentication on each client / subscriber station (SS) is very good with X.509 certificates are unique, reliable and dependable toughness.

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History And Development Mobile Phone

For the first introduction of mobile network which is used by many operator in the world, I want to tell the history and development of mobile phone.

1.ZERO GENERATION(0G)

Early generation (0G) or mobile radio telephone is the beginning of modern mobile phone technology, which uses a special radio wave network with limited network coverage and to connect with ordinary public telephone network. Ordinary cars and trucks in order to communicate. Mobile radio telephone is known by the trade name WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. In principle, such as communication networks Police or Taxi (walkie-talkie), only mobile radio telephone has a separate phone number and connect to the network of its own.

The Advantages Zero Generation (0G)

0 G technology capabilities can serve only to voice communications only and represents the beginning of mobile communication technologies (mobile) that are implemented

The Weakness of Zero Technology(0G)

The method of transmission is still half-duplex while the development supports full-duplex, number of customers and network coverage is very limited, do not support data communication, therefore generaasi 0G can not last long

2. FIRST GENERATION(1G)

The first generation or 1G is the first mobile phone technology that was introduced in the '80s and are still using analog systems. The first generation uses communication technique called Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). This technique makes it possible to divide the frequency allocation in a cell for use of each subscriber in the cell, so that each customer during a conversation has its own frequency.

The Advantages of First Generation

1 G technology capabilities can serve only to voice communications alone can not serve in high-speed data communications and large.

The Weakness of First Generation

Traffic capacity is small, the number of subscribers that can fit in one little cell, the wasteful use of frequency spectrum for a single user using a single frequency channel, and the sound is not clear.

3. SECOND GENERATION(2G)

Second-generation technology come to the market because of market demands and the need for better quality. Generation 2G already using digital technology. This generation uses the mechanism of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication techniques.

The Advantages of Second Generation

The second generation not only used for voice communications, are also able to SMS (Short Message Service is a bidirectional service for sending short messages of 160 characters), voice mail, call waiting, and transfer data with a maximum speed of 9600 bps (bits per second). The resulting sound became more clear, because the digital-based, then before sending analog voice signals converted into digital signals. Power needed to signal a bit so as to save battery, so that handsets can be used longer and battery size can be smaller.

The Weakness Second Generation

Data transfer speeds are still low, is not efficient for low traffic, network coverage is still limited and very dependent on the presence of BTS (cell tower).

4. 2.5 GENERATION

2.5G technology is an increase of 2G technology, especially in the GSM base platform has undergone improvements, particularly for data applications. For the GSM-based 2.5G technology implemented in GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and Widen, while CDMA is implemented based on CDMA2000 1x.

5. THIRD GENERATION(3G)

Third generation technology (3G Third Generation) was developed by a group of recognized experts and business people who are competent in the field of wireless technology in the world. 3G (Third Generation) as a function of technology has a data transfer rate of 144 kbps on the user speed of 100 km / h, has a data transfer speed of 384 kbps at walking pace, has a data transfer speed of 2 Mbps to stationary users.

The Advantages Third Generation

It has a fast data transfer speeds (144kbps-2Mbps), so it can serve broadband data services such as internet, video on demand, music on demand, games on demand, and other on demand which allows us to choose a program of music, video, or games as easy as selecting channels on TV. Speeds as high as it is also capable of serving video conferencing and other video streaming.

The Weakness Third Generation

Requires Power Control and yet insufficient data transfer speed in serving multimedia services that require a capable speed.

6. 3.5 GENERATION

Technology also known as 3.5G or Super 3G is an improvement from 3G technologies, especially in improving the data transfer speed over 3G technology (> 2 Mbps) so that it can serve multimedia communications such as Internet access and video sharing.

7. FOURTH GENERATION(4G)

4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supercede the third generation (3G ).

Carriers that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) instead of time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) are increasingly marketing their services as being 4G, even when their data speeds are not as fast as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specifies. According to the ITU, a 4G network requires a mobile device to be able to exchange data at 100 Mbit/sec. A 3G network, on the other hand, can offer data speeds as slow as 3.84 Mbit/sec. In this generation there are two technology. They are Wimax(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE(Long Term Evolution). I will tell about them in the next time.

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